Art And The Human Services Field - 1841 Words

ART History of A.R.T ART was started in 1981 in the United States Of America and it’s now being used in the Human Services field. ART is not limited to juvenile justice, adult corrections, or human services facilities. ART is used throughout North America, Europe, Australia and South America. There are two parts to the ART, the two parts are the program and implementation and the training session. Part one of ART goes over, morals, anger control, social skills, enhancing performance, program administration and maintenance and how effective the program is. Part two goes over the 10 week training session, it puts into place everything that part one does. ART is not your traditional psychotherapy, group guidance or advising,†¦show more content†¦ART What may you expect? ART group works most effectively when its done twice a week fr at least 9 weeks. Sessions are typically about and hour in length and works best with between 8 and 12 youth. Male and female can be a part of the group either together or separately. Similar age groups work better if they are around the same age. Groups can take place at a school, juvenile detention center, residential programs, shelters, and possible other places. There are structured learning projects within ART, those can be anything like how to properly respond to failures, helping others, how to properly make a complaint, understanding feelings of others, dealing with others anger, keeping out of a fight, peer pressure. Those are just some of the topics that ART can help with there are other things among that list. Population of ART ART is targeted at youth and teens that have a history of aggression as well as anti social type behavior. ART can work on many different populations and diversities, it is not categorized to just one. The most popular populations are those that are in some type of detention center and places that focus on behavioral health as well as substance abuse. Risks with ART ART can be risky depending on the group of youth and teens that you work with. Although troubled youth are mainly the top people who can benefit this, you still have to watch

Errors of Attribution Free Essays

With reference to research discuss two errors in attributions. (22 marks) The Attribution Theory is a concept of social psychology that makes reference to how individuals feel the need to provide ‘cause to the events around us’. Fritz Heider first proposed the theory ‘The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations (1958), which was later developed by others such as Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner. We will write a custom essay sample on Errors of Attribution or any similar topic only for you Order Now The developed definition of this theory refers to the role of our minds in relation to our social behaviour. There are two main categories within this particular theory, Situational factors, which refer to how one’s environment and external circumstances can influence an individual, whilst Dispositional factors refer to our personality and our traits, factors that are to do with us as people. The Self- Serving Bias focuses on the way in which we as individuals tend to associate successes with our internal ability and characteristics and equating failures to external factors. The reason that this is seen as a common human tendency is because people acknowledge success as a way of positively influencing their self-esteem levels. This bias can affect our opportunities to learn from our mistakes and improve- by refusing to accept responsibility for our failures, our skill levels remain unchanged. Although this bias can be recognized in people throughout modern day society, Lewinsohn et al (1980) proposed that the bias will have the complete opposite effect on people who have a low self esteem or see themselves in a negative light. All successes are seen as luck rather than ability, whilst failures are seen as dispositional factors, generally seeing stupidity as the sole factor for their mistakes. Ironically, Lewinsohn suggests that depressed individuals will see themselves more realistically, making more practical attributions about their personality than a ‘normal’ person will. A study that was carried out by Johnson (1964), demonstrated a Self Serving Bias through teaching. Participants (psychology students) taught two children how to multiply numbers by 10 and 20. The study was done in two phases through a one-way intercom. The first phase was to teach them how to multiply by 10, the second, by 20. After each phase, the participants were able to access the worksheets that the children used and were told to evaluate the children’s progress. The worksheets had been constructed in such a way that pupil A gave the correct answers in both worksheets, and depending on the circumstance, pupil B either did badly in both worksheets, or did badly for the first and improved in the second. The participants were therefore asked to assess their teaching abilities based on the pupils’ results. What Johnson found was that in the situation where pupil B improved, the participant saw this improvement as an indication of their abilities as teachers. When pupil B did not improve, the participants blamed the failure on the pupil’s lack of ability. Wolosin, Sherman and Till (1973) is another classic example of a study examining the self-serving bias. Participants in this study partook in a decision-making activity, in which they chose geographical locations where they believed they were most likely to meet a friend. In the first phase, the participant was performing the task whilst co-operating with another individual. The second phase consisted of the participant competing against the individual. After these two experiments were completed, the participants were given feedback. In the co-operative phase, the participant assumed more responsibility when they received positive comments, in contrast with the participants who received negative or neutral feedback. This again reiterates the point that individuals will exhibit self-biased attributions, whilst in circumstances of failure; they will provide situational factors for their lack of success. Although there is evidence to support this error of attribution, there are also contradictions to the theory. Zuckerman (1979) argued that this bias depends on our desire to maintain our self-esteem. He reasons that it we attribute our successes to dispositional factors it improves our self-esteem, whilst if we deny responsibility to failure, we are protecting our self-esteem, therefore suggesting that it all depends on the individual. Cross-cultural examination also shows that the bias is consistent. Heine (1999) and Kashima Triandis (1986) used studies to support the theory. They found that in collectivistic cultures such as Japan, members are far less likely to attribute success to dispositional factors compared to individualistic cultures such as the US or the UK. Kashima Triandis found that when Japanese and American participants were asked to remember slides from unfamiliar countries, Americans tended to attribute success towards their ability, whilst the Japanese attributed failure to lack of ability. This study therefore shows that there is definitely a link between maintenance of self-esteem and self-serving bias, in individualistic cultures. Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) refers to the tendency for individuals to view behaviour as a significant factor. Therefore, we tend to overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors when attempting to explain behaviour in a member of society. The reason for this attribution error, is because generally, we focus more on the individual in the specific situation, which leads to us making judgments and decisions relating to their personality- internal attributions, simply because we do not have enough information on their character to make a balanced assessment. Lee Ross first introduced this term in 1977 defining it as ‘The tendency to underestimate the importance of situational determinants and overestimate the degree to which actions and outcomes reflect the actor’s dispositions. Napolitan and Goethals (1979) examined the theory by asking student participants to talk individually to a woman told to behave either aloof and critical or friendly and warm. The first batch of participants were told that she was acting spontaneously, whilst the other half was told that she was instructed to behave in a certain way towards them. Interestingly, the knowledge of her instructions versus spontaneity had no effect on the participants, all of whom attributed her behaviour to internal dispositional factors rather than situational. Another classic demonstration of the study was by Jones and Harris (1967). They hypothesized that people would attribute apparently free-chosen behaviour to disposition and instructed behaviour to situational factors. This was investigated by asking participants to read a series of Fidel Castro essays, some of which were pro and others were anti Fidel Castro. After reading these essays, the subjects were asked to rate the attitudes of the writers. When the subjects believed that the writers had chosen freely on their position on Castro, the participants naturally assumed that the essays reflected the genuine attitude towards Castro. However, even when the subjects were told that the writers had no choice, they still believed that the essays reflected their actual views on Castro. This supports the error of attribution because despite the fact that the participants knew that the writers were heavily constrained by the situation, the subjects still chose to attribute their views to dispositional factors. Cultural variance may affect the Fundamental Attribution Error, as members from individualistic culture have a higher tendency to commit this error compared to members from a collectivistic ulture that are less prone to it. Miller (1984) supports this argument as he found that children from western cultures make dispositional attributions whilst children from India make situational attributions, particularly when explaining the actions of someone who has done wrong. Moghaddam (1998) also stated that the FAE was due to ‘pervasive individualism’ of modern western culture. Reference: http://education. ca lumet. purdue. edu/vockell/edPsybook/Edpsy5/edpsy5_attribution. htm http://changingminds. org/explanations/theories/attribution_theory. tm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Attribution_(psychology) http://changingminds. org/explanations/theories/fundamental_attribution_error. htm http://changingminds. org/explanations/theories/self-serving_bias. htm http://ibpsychologynotes. files. wordpress. com/2011/02/04-discuss-two-errors-in-attributions. pdf http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fundamental_attribution_error http://ion. uwinnipeg. ca/~clark/teach/1000-050/Ch18-social. pdf http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Self-serving_bias http://www. psychwiki. com/wiki/Self-serving_bias How to cite Errors of Attribution, Papers

The Influence of Rudyard Kipling free essay sample

If only the world worked as it is supposed to work. There would be no poverty or homelessness, but there is. However, one can still hold themselves to the ideals of how people should act. â€Å"If† by Rudyard Kipling describes the way I want to live out my life. Rudyard Kipling, a man born in British-controlled Bombay, India, identified himself as an Anglo-Indian. Yet, despite his self-identification, he lived the majority of his life outside of his birth country, though many of his works reflect his Indian origins. Kipling lived in many countries and territories, including the United States, South Africa, England, and India. Until the rise of Nazis in Germany, he would have the covers of his books stamped with the swastika, in the traditional Indian meaning of good luck. Although he did not live to see the fall of Nazi Germany, he did foresee the danger it would pose to Britain. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Rudyard Kipling or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Eventually, he gained worldwide recognition for his novels and poetry, gaining the Nobel Prize for Literature. Kipling is most well-known for the Jungle Book, a novel about an Indian boy, Mowgli, surviving in the jungle with the aid of a wolf pack. However, â€Å"If† captures the essence of what being an adult should be and what I hope to someday attain. The first time I heard of Kipling was when I was on a trip with my father, and he started reciting several of Kipling’s poems. Most notable were â€Å"Cold Iron†, The Ballad of East and West, and â€Å"If†. These poems will stick with me for the rest of my life. However, â€Å"If† has influenced me more than any other poem because it speaks of a way to live life to its fullest, to seize opportunities even though you might lose everything, and to keep what makes me who I am close no matter where I go in life or what station I may hold. The other reason Rudyard Kipling had such an impact in my life comes from my father. My father used to read me the Jungle Book and Kipling’s poem when I was a child. Whether we were in the car or at home, he would have a poem ready or would pick a collection of Kipling’s works and read them to me regardless of how busy he was. From Kipling’s influence, I gained an understanding of life, but more importantly I gained memories of my father that I will always cherish.

Animal Farm George Orwell free essay sample

George Orwell has used many techniques of writing such as irony and humour to portray significant events throughout Animal Farm. This extract, just after the slaughter of the disloyal animals (one of the most emotive of the events in the book), is no exception and so I will be analysing and interpreting the response of readers as well as making links to other parts in the book. Loud singing could be heard from the farmhouse, this is just after the pigs have come across a case of whiskey. It is not the singing itself, which is the surprise to the animals but the song that is being sung, Beasts of England. Beasts of England, the song of rebellion and hope, has just been banned. The banishment of the song stood for the destruction of old Majors vision of a perfect unity between animals. Also the song signifies rebellion and so Napoleon has forbidden it to extinguish any fighting spirit against his dictator-led regime. We will write a custom essay sample on Animal Farm George Orwell or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The pigs, after being intoxicated, lose all their inhibitions; it seems ironic how they are now relying on their natural instincts rather than their brains. Them singing Beasts of England is hypocritical of the banishment, and supports the readers dislike of the pigs. Napoleon is seen wearing a Bowler hat and gallop rapidly round the yard, this is the only time where Napoleon loses control. In my opinion, which may be disputed, this is a sign of Napoleon evolving in to the pig to man he becomes in the end. His wearing of the bowler hat, an item of clothing, reveals his human behaviour in contrast to him galloping, which exposes his animal instincts. To us this image of a boar in a bowler hat is amusing although the animals must have been confused. The following morning Squealer appears, walking slowly and dejectedly, already the readers are able to make the link that the pigs must be hung over hence no pig appeared to be stirring. Squealer announces to the animals that Napoleon is dying! As a reader I have no sympathy towards the announcement but only humour since I know he is not going to die, he is only hung over. On the other hand the reaction from the animals is tremendous; a cry of lamentation went up and they had tears in their eyes while asking each other what they should do if their leader were taken away from them. As readers it is very frustrating to see the animals act so pathetically, that they are so dependant upon comrade Napoleon their leader. Later on Squealer declared the drinking of alcohol was to be punished by death, this was Napoleons last decree. This again is comical to us because he isnt going to die neither will it be his last act upon the earth. Napoleon pronounced the decree resulting from his own belief that he was going to die. Snowball has once again been used as a scapegoat; Orwell has depicted Snowball as the more intelligent and resourceful of the pigs, a vivacious pig and more inventive. I think he has done this in order to show that these types of revolution leaders like Trotsky will never prevail over those who use forceful tactics alongside fear. Napoleon has a reputation of getting his own way and is the successful leader of this revolution symbolising such important figures in history like Stalin and Hitler. Napoleon has ordered the small paddock, which had previously been intended for animals who were past work, to be ploughed up so it can be reseeded since its pasture was exhausted. However it soon became known that Napoleon intended to sow it with barley. This is a classic example of the pigs cycle of lies. They lie then time goes on and the truth is uncovered but then the pigs produce more lies through propaganda and manipulation of language to hide the old lies. More time goes on and the old lies are forgotten. This is the form of brainwashing the pigs use against the enslaved animals. This act of dishonesty along with many other shams shows Napoleon as no better than Jones, even worse than Jones, since Jones was always honest. Benjamin is a wasted intellectual figure; he refuses to intervene, knowing that it would be pointless under the strict animalism regime. A typical illustration would be when Squealer is found temporarily stunned after falling off the ladder, by the seven commandments, with a paintbrush and an overturned pot of white paint. Ben nods with a knowing air he does not hide the fact that he knows what is happening but he does not share his knowledge with the other animals. Again this is exasperating because we can see that Ben is not going to have the courage to interfere until it is too late. Squealers nightly visit confirms that hes been adjusting the commandments with the intention of benefiting the pigs. Muriels keen interest in the commandments suggests that the smartest of the working animals have realised what is happening but conceal their knowledge with deliberate unawareness or possibly willing ignorance since they are kept in fear by Napoleon and his dogs. The dogs do not only protect Napoleon but all the pigs as shown when they made a ring round Squealer after he had fallen, preventing any intrusion by the animals. The dogs are an evil force, which help Napoleon maintain power. The narrator of Animal Farm is closely linked with the working animals; he recounts the story in deliberate ignorance. This is how the animals are viewed, ignorant, although this is not the case. Since the animals are ruled by fear it would be unwise to discuss or even think about going against Napoleons regime, due to the increasing power sustained through the dogs and the growing number of pigs.

40 Words Beginning with Para-

40 Words Beginning with Para- 40 Words Beginning with Para- 40 Words Beginning with Para- By Mark Nichol The prefix para- is versatile, meaning â€Å"beside,† â€Å"closely related,† or â€Å"closely resembling†; â€Å"accessory† or â€Å"subsidiary†; â€Å"beyond†; or â€Å"abnormal† or â€Å"faulty.† The commonality is that a word beginning with para- pertains to the relationship or resemblance of something to something else. This post lists and briefly defines words with the prefix. 1. parable (â€Å"throw beside†): a story illustrating a moral or religious principle 2. parabola (â€Å"throw beside†): a roughly U-shaped curve, or a similarly shaped object 3. paracentesis (â€Å"stab beside†): a puncturing surgical procedure 4. parachute (â€Å"against fall†): a canopy of fabric used to slow the fall of someone or something from an aircraft (or something figuratively similar), or a similar anatomical structure on an animal 5. paradigm (â€Å"show beside†): an example or pattern 6. parados (â€Å"against back†): a rear wall of a military trench 7. paradox (â€Å"outside of opinion†): something contrary to expectation 8. paragliding (â€Å"against descending smoothly,† on the model of parachute): an airborne activity involving a person harnessed to a maneuverable parachute-like wing 9. paragon (â€Å"beside whetstone†): a model or pattern of excellence 10. paragraph (â€Å"written beside†): a short piece of writing on one topic 11. paralanguage (â€Å"beside what is said†): vocal effects such as tone that convey additional meaning 12. paralegal (â€Å"beside law†): an assistant to a lawyer 13. paraleipsis (â€Å"pass over†): something mentioned only briefly, but emphasized by doing so 14. parallax (â€Å"change beside†): an inclination of two converging lines 15. parallel (â€Å"beside each other†): equidistant, or equal or similar, or arranged for simultaneity 16. parallelogram (â€Å"draw equal†): a four-sided shape with parallel sides of equal length 17. paralysis (â€Å"loosen beside†): loss of ability to move or act 18. paramagnetic (â€Å"abnormally attracting†): weakly magnetic 19. paramecium (â€Å"long on one side†): a type of single-celled animal 20. paramedic (â€Å"beside doctor†): medical personnel who treat injured or sick people before and while they are taken to a hospital, or who assist doctors 21. parameter (â€Å"beside measure†): a factor or limit 22. paramilitary (â€Å"resembling soldiers†): an unofficial military unit 23. paranoia (â€Å"beside mind†): delusional mental illness, or irrational suspicion 24. paranormal (â€Å"beside usual†): not scientifically explainable 25. parapet (â€Å"against breast†): a wall of stone or earth 26. paraphernalia (â€Å"beside dowry†): belongings or equipment 27. paraphilia (â€Å"beside love†): arousal about improper sexual practices 28. paraphrase (â€Å"point out beside†): restatement 29. paraplegia (â€Å"strike at one side†): paralysis of the lower body 30. parapraxis (â€Å"against practice†): blunder or lapse, or an error that reveals subconscious motives 31. paraprofessional (â€Å"beside skilled person†): one who assists a professional worker such as a teacher 32. parapsychology (â€Å"beside study of the mind†): investigation of psychic phenomena 33. paraquat (â€Å"resembling four,† from its chemical composition): an herbicide 34. parasailing (â€Å"against sail,† on the model of parachute): an airborne activity involving a person harnessed to a parachute-like device being pulled by a vehicle 35. parasite (â€Å"beside food†): an organism or entity that exploits a host or other entity 36. parasol (â€Å"against sun†): an umbrella for shielding the bearer from sunlight 37. parastate (â€Å"resembling political entity†): a political territory not recognized by others 38. parasympathetic (â€Å"beside feeling with†): pertaining to a part of the nervous system 39. paratransit (â€Å"beside travel†): individualized public transit 40. paratrooper (â€Å"against soldier,† on the model of parachute): a soldier specializing in parachuting from an aircraft Some words beginning with para-, such as parakeet, paramount, and paramour, are distantly related, not directly associated with the etymology of the prefix, while other words beginning with or including par- but followed by another vowel or a consonant are closely cognate; the latter group will be detailed in a subsequent post. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About NumbersCapitalization Rules for the Names of Games45 Idioms with "Roll"

What Should be Done to Youth Offenders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

What Should be Done to Youth Offenders - Essay Example The core motivating principle of the juvenile system is rehabilitation. This is because juveniles are not fully mentally or physically developed; they cannot be accountable for their actions in the same way as adults. Additionally, many juvenile offenders come from broken homes or bad neighborhoods and many have been abused. They need a second chance because many have not received even a first chance. Additionally, rehabilitation is by far the best option for them because of the way they would almost certainly be exploited and turned into hardened criminals if sent to prison. This paper will provide further background to the issue of rehabilitating juvenile offenders, and strongly argue that it is the right approach. The justice system fulfills an important symbolic function by establishing standards of conduct. It formally defines right and wrong for citizens and frees them from the responsibility of taking vengeance, thus preventing the escalation of feuds within communities. The system protects the rights of free citizens by honoring the principle that individual freedom should not be denied without good reason. Rehabilitation has as its objective the return of offenders to the community as cured and viable members of society. The rehabilitation efforts of the 1980s and 1990s were to a large extent unsuccessful. No program appeared to be any more effective in changing criminals than any other program, so a sizable portion of the people released from prison continued to return (Murphy 49). This led many to conclude that the best, and possibly only, alternative was simply to remove offenders from the community, precluding any further vexation and exploitation by them. Since criminals are thought to be more likely to commit crimes than those never convicted of a criminal act, it follows that some benefits will be derived from incarcerating convicted criminals. Incapacitation has the greatest potential as a method of crime control if it is a few hardened criminals who commit most crimes. If they can be identified, convicted, and incarcerated for long periods, a significant reduction in crime would be realized. Most advocates of punitive reform have this perspective on the criminal population. Blame for the majority of crimes committed is placed on a relatively few compulsive, predatory individuals thought to commit hundreds if not thousands of crimes each year (Newburn 54). The final goal behind the punitive reform movement is the reestablishment of retribution. Of all penal goals, retribution is the most moralistic. It contains an element of revenge because the victim deserves to be repaid with pain for the harm suffered. Justice is achieved when the punishment given the of fender is equivalent to the harm accruing from the criminal act. Consequently, a social balance or equity is reestablished and maintained within society. But the rules are to some extent thrown out the window when it comes to juvenile offenders. These individuals are categorized differently and there is a separate legal system for them. By the federal standards, any juvenile under the age of 18 who committed a crime is a juvenile delinquent. This is a decision we have taken as a society. We believe that there are serious and important differences between adults and juveniles, and that a one-size fits all approach is not desirable and will not make the situation better. Juveniles are more malleable and easy to influence. It is largely believed that the criminal actions of juveniles might be influenced by such external forces as parental neglect, inappropriate living conditions or relations inside the family. Because of these facts, rehabilitation is an attractive option in dealing with

E-Marketing Segmentation, Differentiation, and Positioning Strategies Coursework

E-Marketing Segmentation, Differentiation, and Positioning Strategies - Coursework Example ther issue that proper entry research can turn up: no company wants to suddenly find that it has gone from a saturated domestic market to a saturated one. Therefore, companies must research carefully before making the move to market, and know what kind of customers they are targeting. â€Å"With three types of customers-those who shop exclusively through the catalogs, those who purchase strictly through retail, and those who utilize both channels of distribution - The J. Peterman Company is committed to learning all they can about their customers to gain increased market share† (J, 1999). Note that at the writing of this quotation, J Peterman was not involved with online marketing yet. However, at that present, it was proactive, and met the challenge of the future. In terms of the competitor market jpeterman.com shares within various segments, there are various niche competitors, such as Sharper Image, and J Crew, which have a larger market share and presence. It would be a mistake to offer the more lucrative market a product that it could not afford or could easily replace with a cheaper competitor’s product of similar quality. Although this market may be more willing to pay more initially for something faddish than the busy family market segment, it should not be the intention of the company to cash in on a quick fad and lose the long-term perspective warranted by this important market. Therefore, the company should follow a pricing strategy that places a great deal of importance not only on internet price cutting, but also on establishing perceived value in the customer base and leveraging this perception in terms of long-term customer attenuation. J Peterman is in a very competitive industry. The source of this is the popularity of this industry as a commerce supplier that can also now be accessed over the internet. Many businesses like J Peterman are rushing to invest time and money in networked e-commerce systems, so as to enhance consumer