Smoking Youth - Not Just an American Habit free essay sample

A glance at the wonder of young people who smoke and global projects trying to stop this pattern. This paper presents a nitty gritty assessment on the issue of juvenile smoking on a worldwide premise. The author takes the peruser on an exploratory excursion that traces the reasons for youth smoking and talks about projects that are set up to forestall its event. Also the author gives a conversation on the adequacy of such projects. Over the most recent a very long while the world has found reality with regards to the dangers of smoking tobacco. There is little uncertainty that the propensity adds to lung malignant growth, emphysema, ceaseless bronchitis, asthma and numerous different issue. There have been various examinations led on the risks of smoking and the reasons individuals keep on doing it and the end regularly focuses to the compulsion being obtained in youths. Grown-ups know on a scholarly level that they ought not smoke, however regularly when they arrive at adulthood they have been smoking for quite a while. We will compose a custom exposition test on Smoking Youth Not Just an American Habit or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Teenagers realize they ought not smoke, however they have the detriment of accepting they are powerful. Smoking in youths isn't select to America. It is an overall issue wherein numerous countries are scrambling to discover an answer.

Prejudice free essay sample

Preference by A. M., Milton, MA Preference. What's your opinion of when you see or hear this word? Websters Dictionary characterizes preference as a judgment or assessment framed without knowing the realities, or scorn and dread of different races, statements of faith, or countries. I have encountered numerous biased experiences during my life that have driven me to concur with the second part more than the first. Albeit none of them were coordinated toward me, however at my companions, who are of various ethnic foundations, religions, and sexual directions, I despite everything complained. Nobody ought to ever need to turn into the focal point of biased remarks or activities as a result of their disparities. This has been a difficult issue in our general public since the beginning of this country. It remains so today, and will proceed in the event that we dont start to address it now. This issue must be perceived and tended to at the earliest opportunity so as to secure the privileges of each individual, regardless of what their religion, shading, sexual inclination or foundation. We will compose a custom exposition test on Partiality or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Everybody was made equivalent and they ought to be treated all things considered. Preference causes individuals to feel second rate and to a lesser extent an individual. They start to feel that since they are extraordinary, they are accomplishing something incorrectly. Nobody ought to need to feel that way. There truly is just a single answer for this issue: we should attempt to teach individuals about different races, countries, religions and sexual directions. It might be an intense activity, however on the off chance that enough individuals are willing to at any rate attempt, we might have the option to change things even a bit. Each piece will help. It might be past the point where it is possible to change the brains and assessments of grown-ups who have just made up their psyches, however on the off chance that we show small kids, we can influence them before they, as well, become preferential. I accept that on the off chance that we start now, and attempt, we can improve what's to come. It might be a difficult activity, yet on the off chance that we are happy to attempt, that is a positive development.

How Long Drugs Can Be Detected in Your System

How Long Drugs Can Be Detected in Your System Addiction Drug Use Print How Long Drugs Can Be Detected in Your System By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 27, 2019 Peter Dazeley / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery With more employers demanding pre-employment drug tests and developing random drug-testing policies, the length of time drugs stay in the system has drawn more attention from employers, employees, and Internet searchers alike. As the abuse of prescription drugs reaches epidemic levels in the U.S.,?? prompting a corresponding hike in drugged-driving incidents, the window of time that drugs can be detected in chemical testing can be critical information for both law enforcement and defendants in any resulting court proceedings. Variables Involved in How the Body Metabolizes a Drug The problem is that an exact timetable for how long drugs remain detectable in urine, blood, and saliva tests is almost impossible to determine, due to the many factors that can affect how an individuals body processes or metabolizes drugs.?? Drug detection times can be affected by each persons metabolic rate, which can vary widely. Metabolic rates, in turn, can be affected by the persons age and certain health conditions. The higher the metabolic rate, the shorter the time a drug can be detected in the body. Hydration and Body Mass Hydration levels, body mass, physical activity, and drug tolerance can also affect how long drugs will be detectable.?? Drug detection times can be much longer for people with increased fatty tissues, because of some drugs, or their metabolites, tend to accumulate in those tissues. On the other hand, if someone has built up a tolerance to a drug, the length of time it can be detected in the system can become very short, because it tends to metabolize more quickly. Frequency and Amount of Use Another key factor in drug detection time is the amount and frequency of the drugs use.?? One-time use of a drug might be detectable for only a short period of time, whereas heavy or long-time use of drugs can be detected for extended periods. Very frequent drug use can cause concentrations in the system that can be detected for lengthy periods after last use. Even the acid-base balance in urine can affect detection times in urine tests. The more acidic the urine, the shorter the detection time. Pros and Cons of Workplace Drug Testing on Employees Pros and Cons of Hair Testing A more recent test for drugs is the hair follicle drug test, which is less likely to be affected by the above factors â€" and also less likely to be tampered with â€" and can detect drug use for up to 90 days.?? The disadvantage of using hair tests is that drugs will not show up in the hair for seven to 10 days. Also, the hair tests are currently more expensive than the standard urine, blood and saliva tests in both collection and processing costs. Why Timetables for the Detection of Drugs Are Inconsistent Because there are so many different factors affecting the time that drugs can be visible in chemical tests, researchers have not been able to nail down an exact timetable for the detection of individual drugs using standard testing. The best they have been able to do is develop a range of time, or detection window, during which drugs might be detected. Detection Timetables Are Estimates While drug detection timetables can help you better understand how long drugs might be detectable in your system, it is important to remember that these numbers are estimates. Exact timelines depend on your body mass, hydration, usage, and the type of drug testing used. Drug Detection Timetables The timetables included in the links below of commonly used and abused prescription and illicit drugs were developed from sources with a vested interest in their accuracy. They include the American Association for Clinical Chemistry, the professionals that do the actual testing; companies who sell drug testing kits to employers and law enforcement; and even companies who sell products aimed at helping people beat drug tests. AdipexAtivanAlcoholAmphetamineBarbituratesBenzodiazepinesBuprenorphineCodeineConcertaDMTDexedrineDilaudidEcstasy (MDMA)FentanylHashHeroinHydrocodoneHydromorphoneLSDLibriumLortabMarinolMescalineMethadoneMethamphetamineMethylphenidateMorphineNaltrexoneNicotineNorcoOpiumOxycodoneOxymorphoneOxycontin  PCPPercocetPeyotePhenobarbitalPsilocybinRestorilRitalinRobitussin A-CSomaTCPTramadolTussionexTylenol #3UltramValiumVersedVicodin?Xanax A Word From Verywell Many different factors affect how long drugs can be detected in your system. If you are concerned about a test that you will be having, its best to look up the particular drug or medication that you are taking for more specific information about timetables of detection. Drug Testing and Drug Screening for Teens

Macbeth A Tragic Hero Essay - 790 Words

Macbeth: A Tragic Hero? A Tragic Hero is a common figure in many of Shakespeare’s works. A Tragic Hero is usually a figure of royalty, fame or greatness. This person is predominately good, but falls from prominence due to personality flaws that eventually lead to self-destruction. Macbeth’s major flaws are his ambition and impressionability. Due to their flaws, a Tragic Hero’s actions are often atrocious and cause them to battle with their conscience after their desires have been accomplished. These battles with their conscience evoke empathy from the audience. A Shakespearean Tragic Hero will always lose their life in the end of the play as a result of re-establishment of what is good in the play. In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the title†¦show more content†¦They way in which he is addressed by the influential members of his country further informs the reader that Macbeth is respectable. However, after Macbeth interacts with the three witches, his curiosity is stirred by their prophecies, especially their prediction that he will become king. He commits murder in order to fulfill their prophecy and then returns to the three witches a second time for reassurance. The three witches, with the aid of three apparitions, then revealed to Mac beth in Act 5, Scene 1 the following prophecies: Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! Beware Macduff! Beware the Than of Fife!†¦Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! Be bloody, bold and resolute. Laugh to scorn the power of man, for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth†¦Be lion-mettled, proud and take no care who chafes, who frets or where conspirers are. Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him. (Shakespeare 4:1 80-107) Because of these predictions, Macbeth believes that no one can harm him. However, this is a false sense of security. Macduff, who was born by a Caesarean section and therefore was not born of woman, ultimately killed Macbeth, thus revealing that the witches predictions were only half-truths. Macbeth’s good nature is increasingly defeated by one of his major flaws-ambition. His ambition and desire to become king leadsShow MoreRelatedMacbeth as a Tragic Hero985 Words   |  4 Pages In William shakespeare’s Macbeth,Macbeth is a classic example of a tragic hero in shakesperean work.Macbeth display the major characteristics of a tragic hero throughout the play until his tragic end.The play potrays Macbeth as a lost cause by showing how he fell from being a honest and just man who fought for whats right, to a cruel,superstitious,ambicious dictator.In william shakespreares Macbeth,Macbeth is a tragic hero because he compromises his honor and negates his moral values in orderRead MoreMacbeth As A Tragic Hero1139 Words   |  5 PagesThe Macbeth character in Macbeth by William Shakespeare can be played many ways.  Macbeth s relationship with other characters in the play and Aristotle s theory of a tragedy are ways in which Macbeth is shown as a tragic hero I am going to explain to you how Macbeth is a true tragic hero. At the very beginning of the play,  Macbeth  and Banquo are returning to Scotland from a fierce battle between the Norwegians and the Scottish. They have just won the war for Duncan.   This shows a noble virtueRead MoreMacbeth as a Tragic Hero1513 Words   |  7 PagesMacbeth as a Tragic Hero William Shakespeare s plays have the reputation of being among the greatest in the English language and in Western literature. Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the 16th century. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, considered some of the finestRead MoreMacbeth as a Tragic Hero1453 Words   |  6 Pagespresents Macbeth as a tragic hero? The 17th century play, ‘Macbeth’ by William Shakespeare, was written during a time when James the first became the first king of both Scotland and England. The characters in the play are also based upon his descendants. The play itself focuses on the character of Macbeth who is manipulated into committing regicide by 3 witches. As the play progresses, both him and his wife begin to lose all sense of morality, resulting with both of their deaths in the end. Macbeth isRead MoreMacbeth As A Tragic Hero893 Words   |  4 PagesSeidewand Andreacchi February 13th 2017 ENG2D1-02 Macbeth as a Tragic Hero A tragic hero can be described as a character obtaining heroic qualities that is, at the same time, destined for their own downfall. Unfortunately, Macbeth is an example of a character that has this title. In Shakespeare’s time during the writing of the play was the reign of King James of England, and the play ‘Macbeth’ reflects on Shakespeare’s own relationship with this king. Someone of greatRead MoreMacbeth as a Tragic Hero846 Words   |  3 Pages The tragic hero has been a major storytelling tool in recent years that makes the audience relate to, respect, and feel sympathy for a character which is undone by the end of the story. But can this title be given to Macbeth, the titular hero of the Shakespeare play by the same name? Yes, absolutely- Shakespeare’s Macbeth follows this plot path in numerous ways. Throughout the play, we are introduced to Macbeth’s belovedness, the crushing of said established belovedness, and his own undoing. Read MoreMacbeth - a Tragic Hero2214 Words   |  9 PagesShakespeares play Macbeth, written in the 1600s is a perfect example of Shakespeares ability to manipulate his audience through creating a tragic hero. A tragic hero who, because of a flaw, tumbles from a well-respected hero to a cowardless murderer. It is through Shakespeares manipulation of figurative language, dramatic conventions and social expectations of the seventeenth century, do the audience witness the demise of this mixed up man. Macbeths persona of the tragic hero is enhanced evenRead MoreMacbeth As A Tragic Hero1685 Words   |  7 Pagesprotagonist who appears to be a â€Å"tragic hero† in the overall play. In other words, this character is one who has made an error in his judgement, providing that this error eventually leads to their own ruin or destruction. Within Macbeth, Macbeth the character is regarded as a tragic hero, but with the distinct and evident explanation of his evil and the succession of his acts of violence, it may not be as clear cut as to whether he is a tragic hero or not. Though Macbeth does commit an error that leadsRead MoreMacbeth As A Tragic Hero2154 Words   |  9 Pages Karen H. Macbeth Show how Macbeth is seen as a tragic hero â€Å"The catastrophe of the tragic hero thus becomes the catastrophe of the fifth-century man; all his furious energy and intellectual daring drive him on to this terrible discovery of his fundamental ignorance - he is not the measure of all commodity but the commodity measured and found wanting.† The words ‘tragic hero’ has undergone a deceptive and detrimental process, it goes from a favorable connotationRead MoreMacbeth As A Tragic Hero2015 Words   |  9 PagesMacbeth Show how Macbeth is seen as a tragic hero â€Å"One of the most tragic things I know about human nature is that all of us tend to put off living. We are all dreaming of some magical rose garden over the horizon-instead of enjoying the roses that are blooming outside our windows today.† The words ‘tragic hero’ has undergone a deceptive and detrimental process, it goes from a favorable connotation to a repulsive connotation. A tragic hero makes â€Å"judgment errors† that are inescapable and it ultimately

Art And The Human Services Field - 1841 Words

ART History of A.R.T ART was started in 1981 in the United States Of America and it’s now being used in the Human Services field. ART is not limited to juvenile justice, adult corrections, or human services facilities. ART is used throughout North America, Europe, Australia and South America. There are two parts to the ART, the two parts are the program and implementation and the training session. Part one of ART goes over, morals, anger control, social skills, enhancing performance, program administration and maintenance and how effective the program is. Part two goes over the 10 week training session, it puts into place everything that part one does. ART is not your traditional psychotherapy, group guidance or advising,†¦show more content†¦ART What may you expect? ART group works most effectively when its done twice a week fr at least 9 weeks. Sessions are typically about and hour in length and works best with between 8 and 12 youth. Male and female can be a part of the group either together or separately. Similar age groups work better if they are around the same age. Groups can take place at a school, juvenile detention center, residential programs, shelters, and possible other places. There are structured learning projects within ART, those can be anything like how to properly respond to failures, helping others, how to properly make a complaint, understanding feelings of others, dealing with others anger, keeping out of a fight, peer pressure. Those are just some of the topics that ART can help with there are other things among that list. Population of ART ART is targeted at youth and teens that have a history of aggression as well as anti social type behavior. ART can work on many different populations and diversities, it is not categorized to just one. The most popular populations are those that are in some type of detention center and places that focus on behavioral health as well as substance abuse. Risks with ART ART can be risky depending on the group of youth and teens that you work with. Although troubled youth are mainly the top people who can benefit this, you still have to watch

Errors of Attribution Free Essays

With reference to research discuss two errors in attributions. (22 marks) The Attribution Theory is a concept of social psychology that makes reference to how individuals feel the need to provide ‘cause to the events around us’. Fritz Heider first proposed the theory ‘The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations (1958), which was later developed by others such as Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner. We will write a custom essay sample on Errors of Attribution or any similar topic only for you Order Now The developed definition of this theory refers to the role of our minds in relation to our social behaviour. There are two main categories within this particular theory, Situational factors, which refer to how one’s environment and external circumstances can influence an individual, whilst Dispositional factors refer to our personality and our traits, factors that are to do with us as people. The Self- Serving Bias focuses on the way in which we as individuals tend to associate successes with our internal ability and characteristics and equating failures to external factors. The reason that this is seen as a common human tendency is because people acknowledge success as a way of positively influencing their self-esteem levels. This bias can affect our opportunities to learn from our mistakes and improve- by refusing to accept responsibility for our failures, our skill levels remain unchanged. Although this bias can be recognized in people throughout modern day society, Lewinsohn et al (1980) proposed that the bias will have the complete opposite effect on people who have a low self esteem or see themselves in a negative light. All successes are seen as luck rather than ability, whilst failures are seen as dispositional factors, generally seeing stupidity as the sole factor for their mistakes. Ironically, Lewinsohn suggests that depressed individuals will see themselves more realistically, making more practical attributions about their personality than a ‘normal’ person will. A study that was carried out by Johnson (1964), demonstrated a Self Serving Bias through teaching. Participants (psychology students) taught two children how to multiply numbers by 10 and 20. The study was done in two phases through a one-way intercom. The first phase was to teach them how to multiply by 10, the second, by 20. After each phase, the participants were able to access the worksheets that the children used and were told to evaluate the children’s progress. The worksheets had been constructed in such a way that pupil A gave the correct answers in both worksheets, and depending on the circumstance, pupil B either did badly in both worksheets, or did badly for the first and improved in the second. The participants were therefore asked to assess their teaching abilities based on the pupils’ results. What Johnson found was that in the situation where pupil B improved, the participant saw this improvement as an indication of their abilities as teachers. When pupil B did not improve, the participants blamed the failure on the pupil’s lack of ability. Wolosin, Sherman and Till (1973) is another classic example of a study examining the self-serving bias. Participants in this study partook in a decision-making activity, in which they chose geographical locations where they believed they were most likely to meet a friend. In the first phase, the participant was performing the task whilst co-operating with another individual. The second phase consisted of the participant competing against the individual. After these two experiments were completed, the participants were given feedback. In the co-operative phase, the participant assumed more responsibility when they received positive comments, in contrast with the participants who received negative or neutral feedback. This again reiterates the point that individuals will exhibit self-biased attributions, whilst in circumstances of failure; they will provide situational factors for their lack of success. Although there is evidence to support this error of attribution, there are also contradictions to the theory. Zuckerman (1979) argued that this bias depends on our desire to maintain our self-esteem. He reasons that it we attribute our successes to dispositional factors it improves our self-esteem, whilst if we deny responsibility to failure, we are protecting our self-esteem, therefore suggesting that it all depends on the individual. Cross-cultural examination also shows that the bias is consistent. Heine (1999) and Kashima Triandis (1986) used studies to support the theory. They found that in collectivistic cultures such as Japan, members are far less likely to attribute success to dispositional factors compared to individualistic cultures such as the US or the UK. Kashima Triandis found that when Japanese and American participants were asked to remember slides from unfamiliar countries, Americans tended to attribute success towards their ability, whilst the Japanese attributed failure to lack of ability. This study therefore shows that there is definitely a link between maintenance of self-esteem and self-serving bias, in individualistic cultures. Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) refers to the tendency for individuals to view behaviour as a significant factor. Therefore, we tend to overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors when attempting to explain behaviour in a member of society. The reason for this attribution error, is because generally, we focus more on the individual in the specific situation, which leads to us making judgments and decisions relating to their personality- internal attributions, simply because we do not have enough information on their character to make a balanced assessment. Lee Ross first introduced this term in 1977 defining it as ‘The tendency to underestimate the importance of situational determinants and overestimate the degree to which actions and outcomes reflect the actor’s dispositions. Napolitan and Goethals (1979) examined the theory by asking student participants to talk individually to a woman told to behave either aloof and critical or friendly and warm. The first batch of participants were told that she was acting spontaneously, whilst the other half was told that she was instructed to behave in a certain way towards them. Interestingly, the knowledge of her instructions versus spontaneity had no effect on the participants, all of whom attributed her behaviour to internal dispositional factors rather than situational. Another classic demonstration of the study was by Jones and Harris (1967). They hypothesized that people would attribute apparently free-chosen behaviour to disposition and instructed behaviour to situational factors. This was investigated by asking participants to read a series of Fidel Castro essays, some of which were pro and others were anti Fidel Castro. After reading these essays, the subjects were asked to rate the attitudes of the writers. When the subjects believed that the writers had chosen freely on their position on Castro, the participants naturally assumed that the essays reflected the genuine attitude towards Castro. However, even when the subjects were told that the writers had no choice, they still believed that the essays reflected their actual views on Castro. This supports the error of attribution because despite the fact that the participants knew that the writers were heavily constrained by the situation, the subjects still chose to attribute their views to dispositional factors. Cultural variance may affect the Fundamental Attribution Error, as members from individualistic culture have a higher tendency to commit this error compared to members from a collectivistic ulture that are less prone to it. Miller (1984) supports this argument as he found that children from western cultures make dispositional attributions whilst children from India make situational attributions, particularly when explaining the actions of someone who has done wrong. Moghaddam (1998) also stated that the FAE was due to ‘pervasive individualism’ of modern western culture. Reference: http://education. ca lumet. purdue. edu/vockell/edPsybook/Edpsy5/edpsy5_attribution. htm http://changingminds. org/explanations/theories/attribution_theory. tm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Attribution_(psychology) http://changingminds. org/explanations/theories/fundamental_attribution_error. htm http://changingminds. org/explanations/theories/self-serving_bias. htm http://ibpsychologynotes. files. wordpress. com/2011/02/04-discuss-two-errors-in-attributions. pdf http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fundamental_attribution_error http://ion. uwinnipeg. ca/~clark/teach/1000-050/Ch18-social. pdf http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Self-serving_bias http://www. psychwiki. com/wiki/Self-serving_bias How to cite Errors of Attribution, Papers

The Influence of Rudyard Kipling free essay sample

If only the world worked as it is supposed to work. There would be no poverty or homelessness, but there is. However, one can still hold themselves to the ideals of how people should act. â€Å"If† by Rudyard Kipling describes the way I want to live out my life. Rudyard Kipling, a man born in British-controlled Bombay, India, identified himself as an Anglo-Indian. Yet, despite his self-identification, he lived the majority of his life outside of his birth country, though many of his works reflect his Indian origins. Kipling lived in many countries and territories, including the United States, South Africa, England, and India. Until the rise of Nazis in Germany, he would have the covers of his books stamped with the swastika, in the traditional Indian meaning of good luck. Although he did not live to see the fall of Nazi Germany, he did foresee the danger it would pose to Britain. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Rudyard Kipling or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Eventually, he gained worldwide recognition for his novels and poetry, gaining the Nobel Prize for Literature. Kipling is most well-known for the Jungle Book, a novel about an Indian boy, Mowgli, surviving in the jungle with the aid of a wolf pack. However, â€Å"If† captures the essence of what being an adult should be and what I hope to someday attain. The first time I heard of Kipling was when I was on a trip with my father, and he started reciting several of Kipling’s poems. Most notable were â€Å"Cold Iron†, The Ballad of East and West, and â€Å"If†. These poems will stick with me for the rest of my life. However, â€Å"If† has influenced me more than any other poem because it speaks of a way to live life to its fullest, to seize opportunities even though you might lose everything, and to keep what makes me who I am close no matter where I go in life or what station I may hold. The other reason Rudyard Kipling had such an impact in my life comes from my father. My father used to read me the Jungle Book and Kipling’s poem when I was a child. Whether we were in the car or at home, he would have a poem ready or would pick a collection of Kipling’s works and read them to me regardless of how busy he was. From Kipling’s influence, I gained an understanding of life, but more importantly I gained memories of my father that I will always cherish.

Animal Farm George Orwell free essay sample

George Orwell has used many techniques of writing such as irony and humour to portray significant events throughout Animal Farm. This extract, just after the slaughter of the disloyal animals (one of the most emotive of the events in the book), is no exception and so I will be analysing and interpreting the response of readers as well as making links to other parts in the book. Loud singing could be heard from the farmhouse, this is just after the pigs have come across a case of whiskey. It is not the singing itself, which is the surprise to the animals but the song that is being sung, Beasts of England. Beasts of England, the song of rebellion and hope, has just been banned. The banishment of the song stood for the destruction of old Majors vision of a perfect unity between animals. Also the song signifies rebellion and so Napoleon has forbidden it to extinguish any fighting spirit against his dictator-led regime. We will write a custom essay sample on Animal Farm George Orwell or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The pigs, after being intoxicated, lose all their inhibitions; it seems ironic how they are now relying on their natural instincts rather than their brains. Them singing Beasts of England is hypocritical of the banishment, and supports the readers dislike of the pigs. Napoleon is seen wearing a Bowler hat and gallop rapidly round the yard, this is the only time where Napoleon loses control. In my opinion, which may be disputed, this is a sign of Napoleon evolving in to the pig to man he becomes in the end. His wearing of the bowler hat, an item of clothing, reveals his human behaviour in contrast to him galloping, which exposes his animal instincts. To us this image of a boar in a bowler hat is amusing although the animals must have been confused. The following morning Squealer appears, walking slowly and dejectedly, already the readers are able to make the link that the pigs must be hung over hence no pig appeared to be stirring. Squealer announces to the animals that Napoleon is dying! As a reader I have no sympathy towards the announcement but only humour since I know he is not going to die, he is only hung over. On the other hand the reaction from the animals is tremendous; a cry of lamentation went up and they had tears in their eyes while asking each other what they should do if their leader were taken away from them. As readers it is very frustrating to see the animals act so pathetically, that they are so dependant upon comrade Napoleon their leader. Later on Squealer declared the drinking of alcohol was to be punished by death, this was Napoleons last decree. This again is comical to us because he isnt going to die neither will it be his last act upon the earth. Napoleon pronounced the decree resulting from his own belief that he was going to die. Snowball has once again been used as a scapegoat; Orwell has depicted Snowball as the more intelligent and resourceful of the pigs, a vivacious pig and more inventive. I think he has done this in order to show that these types of revolution leaders like Trotsky will never prevail over those who use forceful tactics alongside fear. Napoleon has a reputation of getting his own way and is the successful leader of this revolution symbolising such important figures in history like Stalin and Hitler. Napoleon has ordered the small paddock, which had previously been intended for animals who were past work, to be ploughed up so it can be reseeded since its pasture was exhausted. However it soon became known that Napoleon intended to sow it with barley. This is a classic example of the pigs cycle of lies. They lie then time goes on and the truth is uncovered but then the pigs produce more lies through propaganda and manipulation of language to hide the old lies. More time goes on and the old lies are forgotten. This is the form of brainwashing the pigs use against the enslaved animals. This act of dishonesty along with many other shams shows Napoleon as no better than Jones, even worse than Jones, since Jones was always honest. Benjamin is a wasted intellectual figure; he refuses to intervene, knowing that it would be pointless under the strict animalism regime. A typical illustration would be when Squealer is found temporarily stunned after falling off the ladder, by the seven commandments, with a paintbrush and an overturned pot of white paint. Ben nods with a knowing air he does not hide the fact that he knows what is happening but he does not share his knowledge with the other animals. Again this is exasperating because we can see that Ben is not going to have the courage to interfere until it is too late. Squealers nightly visit confirms that hes been adjusting the commandments with the intention of benefiting the pigs. Muriels keen interest in the commandments suggests that the smartest of the working animals have realised what is happening but conceal their knowledge with deliberate unawareness or possibly willing ignorance since they are kept in fear by Napoleon and his dogs. The dogs do not only protect Napoleon but all the pigs as shown when they made a ring round Squealer after he had fallen, preventing any intrusion by the animals. The dogs are an evil force, which help Napoleon maintain power. The narrator of Animal Farm is closely linked with the working animals; he recounts the story in deliberate ignorance. This is how the animals are viewed, ignorant, although this is not the case. Since the animals are ruled by fear it would be unwise to discuss or even think about going against Napoleons regime, due to the increasing power sustained through the dogs and the growing number of pigs.

40 Words Beginning with Para-

40 Words Beginning with Para- 40 Words Beginning with Para- 40 Words Beginning with Para- By Mark Nichol The prefix para- is versatile, meaning â€Å"beside,† â€Å"closely related,† or â€Å"closely resembling†; â€Å"accessory† or â€Å"subsidiary†; â€Å"beyond†; or â€Å"abnormal† or â€Å"faulty.† The commonality is that a word beginning with para- pertains to the relationship or resemblance of something to something else. This post lists and briefly defines words with the prefix. 1. parable (â€Å"throw beside†): a story illustrating a moral or religious principle 2. parabola (â€Å"throw beside†): a roughly U-shaped curve, or a similarly shaped object 3. paracentesis (â€Å"stab beside†): a puncturing surgical procedure 4. parachute (â€Å"against fall†): a canopy of fabric used to slow the fall of someone or something from an aircraft (or something figuratively similar), or a similar anatomical structure on an animal 5. paradigm (â€Å"show beside†): an example or pattern 6. parados (â€Å"against back†): a rear wall of a military trench 7. paradox (â€Å"outside of opinion†): something contrary to expectation 8. paragliding (â€Å"against descending smoothly,† on the model of parachute): an airborne activity involving a person harnessed to a maneuverable parachute-like wing 9. paragon (â€Å"beside whetstone†): a model or pattern of excellence 10. paragraph (â€Å"written beside†): a short piece of writing on one topic 11. paralanguage (â€Å"beside what is said†): vocal effects such as tone that convey additional meaning 12. paralegal (â€Å"beside law†): an assistant to a lawyer 13. paraleipsis (â€Å"pass over†): something mentioned only briefly, but emphasized by doing so 14. parallax (â€Å"change beside†): an inclination of two converging lines 15. parallel (â€Å"beside each other†): equidistant, or equal or similar, or arranged for simultaneity 16. parallelogram (â€Å"draw equal†): a four-sided shape with parallel sides of equal length 17. paralysis (â€Å"loosen beside†): loss of ability to move or act 18. paramagnetic (â€Å"abnormally attracting†): weakly magnetic 19. paramecium (â€Å"long on one side†): a type of single-celled animal 20. paramedic (â€Å"beside doctor†): medical personnel who treat injured or sick people before and while they are taken to a hospital, or who assist doctors 21. parameter (â€Å"beside measure†): a factor or limit 22. paramilitary (â€Å"resembling soldiers†): an unofficial military unit 23. paranoia (â€Å"beside mind†): delusional mental illness, or irrational suspicion 24. paranormal (â€Å"beside usual†): not scientifically explainable 25. parapet (â€Å"against breast†): a wall of stone or earth 26. paraphernalia (â€Å"beside dowry†): belongings or equipment 27. paraphilia (â€Å"beside love†): arousal about improper sexual practices 28. paraphrase (â€Å"point out beside†): restatement 29. paraplegia (â€Å"strike at one side†): paralysis of the lower body 30. parapraxis (â€Å"against practice†): blunder or lapse, or an error that reveals subconscious motives 31. paraprofessional (â€Å"beside skilled person†): one who assists a professional worker such as a teacher 32. parapsychology (â€Å"beside study of the mind†): investigation of psychic phenomena 33. paraquat (â€Å"resembling four,† from its chemical composition): an herbicide 34. parasailing (â€Å"against sail,† on the model of parachute): an airborne activity involving a person harnessed to a parachute-like device being pulled by a vehicle 35. parasite (â€Å"beside food†): an organism or entity that exploits a host or other entity 36. parasol (â€Å"against sun†): an umbrella for shielding the bearer from sunlight 37. parastate (â€Å"resembling political entity†): a political territory not recognized by others 38. parasympathetic (â€Å"beside feeling with†): pertaining to a part of the nervous system 39. paratransit (â€Å"beside travel†): individualized public transit 40. paratrooper (â€Å"against soldier,† on the model of parachute): a soldier specializing in parachuting from an aircraft Some words beginning with para-, such as parakeet, paramount, and paramour, are distantly related, not directly associated with the etymology of the prefix, while other words beginning with or including par- but followed by another vowel or a consonant are closely cognate; the latter group will be detailed in a subsequent post. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About NumbersCapitalization Rules for the Names of Games45 Idioms with "Roll"

What Should be Done to Youth Offenders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

What Should be Done to Youth Offenders - Essay Example The core motivating principle of the juvenile system is rehabilitation. This is because juveniles are not fully mentally or physically developed; they cannot be accountable for their actions in the same way as adults. Additionally, many juvenile offenders come from broken homes or bad neighborhoods and many have been abused. They need a second chance because many have not received even a first chance. Additionally, rehabilitation is by far the best option for them because of the way they would almost certainly be exploited and turned into hardened criminals if sent to prison. This paper will provide further background to the issue of rehabilitating juvenile offenders, and strongly argue that it is the right approach. The justice system fulfills an important symbolic function by establishing standards of conduct. It formally defines right and wrong for citizens and frees them from the responsibility of taking vengeance, thus preventing the escalation of feuds within communities. The system protects the rights of free citizens by honoring the principle that individual freedom should not be denied without good reason. Rehabilitation has as its objective the return of offenders to the community as cured and viable members of society. The rehabilitation efforts of the 1980s and 1990s were to a large extent unsuccessful. No program appeared to be any more effective in changing criminals than any other program, so a sizable portion of the people released from prison continued to return (Murphy 49). This led many to conclude that the best, and possibly only, alternative was simply to remove offenders from the community, precluding any further vexation and exploitation by them. Since criminals are thought to be more likely to commit crimes than those never convicted of a criminal act, it follows that some benefits will be derived from incarcerating convicted criminals. Incapacitation has the greatest potential as a method of crime control if it is a few hardened criminals who commit most crimes. If they can be identified, convicted, and incarcerated for long periods, a significant reduction in crime would be realized. Most advocates of punitive reform have this perspective on the criminal population. Blame for the majority of crimes committed is placed on a relatively few compulsive, predatory individuals thought to commit hundreds if not thousands of crimes each year (Newburn 54). The final goal behind the punitive reform movement is the reestablishment of retribution. Of all penal goals, retribution is the most moralistic. It contains an element of revenge because the victim deserves to be repaid with pain for the harm suffered. Justice is achieved when the punishment given the of fender is equivalent to the harm accruing from the criminal act. Consequently, a social balance or equity is reestablished and maintained within society. But the rules are to some extent thrown out the window when it comes to juvenile offenders. These individuals are categorized differently and there is a separate legal system for them. By the federal standards, any juvenile under the age of 18 who committed a crime is a juvenile delinquent. This is a decision we have taken as a society. We believe that there are serious and important differences between adults and juveniles, and that a one-size fits all approach is not desirable and will not make the situation better. Juveniles are more malleable and easy to influence. It is largely believed that the criminal actions of juveniles might be influenced by such external forces as parental neglect, inappropriate living conditions or relations inside the family. Because of these facts, rehabilitation is an attractive option in dealing with

E-Marketing Segmentation, Differentiation, and Positioning Strategies Coursework

E-Marketing Segmentation, Differentiation, and Positioning Strategies - Coursework Example ther issue that proper entry research can turn up: no company wants to suddenly find that it has gone from a saturated domestic market to a saturated one. Therefore, companies must research carefully before making the move to market, and know what kind of customers they are targeting. â€Å"With three types of customers-those who shop exclusively through the catalogs, those who purchase strictly through retail, and those who utilize both channels of distribution - The J. Peterman Company is committed to learning all they can about their customers to gain increased market share† (J, 1999). Note that at the writing of this quotation, J Peterman was not involved with online marketing yet. However, at that present, it was proactive, and met the challenge of the future. In terms of the competitor market jpeterman.com shares within various segments, there are various niche competitors, such as Sharper Image, and J Crew, which have a larger market share and presence. It would be a mistake to offer the more lucrative market a product that it could not afford or could easily replace with a cheaper competitor’s product of similar quality. Although this market may be more willing to pay more initially for something faddish than the busy family market segment, it should not be the intention of the company to cash in on a quick fad and lose the long-term perspective warranted by this important market. Therefore, the company should follow a pricing strategy that places a great deal of importance not only on internet price cutting, but also on establishing perceived value in the customer base and leveraging this perception in terms of long-term customer attenuation. J Peterman is in a very competitive industry. The source of this is the popularity of this industry as a commerce supplier that can also now be accessed over the internet. Many businesses like J Peterman are rushing to invest time and money in networked e-commerce systems, so as to enhance consumer

Functions of Organizational Communication

Functions of Organizational Communication INTRODUCTION Organizational Communication can be defined as a process through which organizations are created and in turn create and shape events. The process can be understood as a combination of process, people, message, meaning and purpose. Functions of Organizational Communication: It is the means by which a manager ensures co-operation of subordinates. It is the exchange of meanings among members of an organization. It is the glue which binds the elements of an organization together. It builds the very structure of an organization i.e. who communicates with whom about what. Can misunderstanding of a few words literally mean the difference between life and death? They can in airlines business. A number of aviation disasters have been largely attributed to problems in communication. There are other fields also in which there are examples to illustrate how miscommunication can have deadly consequences. Good communication is essential to any groups or organizations effectiveness. Research indicates that poor communication is probably the most frequently cited source of interpersonal conflict. Because individuals spend nearly 70 percent of their working hours communicating-writing, reading, speaking, listening-it seems reasonable to conclude that one of the most inhibiting forces to successful group performance is a lack of effective communication. No group can exist without communication: the transference of meaning among its members. It is only through transmitting meaning from one person to another that information and ideas can be conveyed. Communication, however, is more than merely imparting meaning. It must also be understood. In a group in which one member speaks only German and the others do not know German, the individual speaking German will not be fully understood. Therefore, communication must include both the transference and the understanding of meaning. An idea, no matter how great, is useless until it is transmitted and understood by others. Perfect communication, if there were such a thing, would exist when a thought or an idea was transmitted so that the mental picture perceived by the receiver was exactly the same as that envisioned by the sender. Although elementary in theory, perfect communication is never achieved in practice, due to unavoidable reasons. 2.1 What is Communication? The term communication has been derived from the Latin word communis which means common. It was Aristotle who, for the first time, brought about a systematic study of the communication process. According to him, there are three essential elements in a communication system, namely, the speaker, the speech, and the audience. Communication strictly stands for sharing of ideas in common. The word communication, however, has many and varied meanings. Popularly speaking, it refers to the various means of transmitting information from individual to individual, individual to a group of individuals or from one place to another. It is a transmission of messages, ideas, methods, skills, and thoughts between two or more persons. It is a mutual exchange of facts, thoughts, opinions or emotions by the use of symbols, words, pictures, figures, graphs and so on. Communication is the chain of understanding which permeates an organization from top to bottom, from bottom to top, and from side to side, and which moves the organization ahead towards its stated objectives. It is the cohesive force which holds the group together. Vardaman and Halterman opine: Communication is the flow of material, information, perception and understanding between various parts and members of an organization. In the words of Allen, Communication is the transfer of meaning from one person to another. Mitchell goes a step further and observes, Communication involves more than just having the right information — the information should be believed, weighed correctly, reach the right decision-makers and result in the appropriate action. Rogers and Rogers have reiterated this point of view. They opine Communication is a process by which an idea is transferred from a source to the receiver with the intention of changing behaviour.. ..Communication is made with the intention of achieving results/change in knowledge, attitude and overt behaviour. Communication is a process in which senders and receivers of messages interact in a given social context. Interpersonal communication refers to the exchange of information and transmission of meaning between two people. Organizational communication is the subject that deals with the exchange of information and transmission of meaning throughout the organizational hierarchy. Since the leader or the manager accomplishes organizational objectives through people, it is essential to communicate what the leader or the manager wants people to accomplish, how to accomplish, where to accomplish and more important, why to accomplish. To communicate the organizational philosophy, objectives, procedures, and practices to all employees is not easy, because communication is a very complex phenomenon. In communication, the people must understand what they are trying to communicate; they must be willing and able to understand them; they must accept their communication or message or information or goals. Thus, all social phenomena are a function of communication. 2.2 FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION: Communication serves four major functions within a group or organization: Control, motivation, emotional expression and information. Communication acts to control member behaviour in several ways. Organizations have authority hierarchies and formal guidelines that employees are required to follow. When employees, for instance are required to first communicate any job related grievance to their immediate boss, to follow their job description, or to comply with company policies, communication is performing a control function. But informal communication also controls behaviour. When work groups tease or harass a member who produces too much (and makes the rest of the group look bad), they are informally communicating with, and controlling, the members behaviour Communication fosters motivation by clarifying to employees what is to be done, how well they are doing, and what can be done to improve performance if its supbar. The formation of specific goals, feedback on progress toward the goals, and reinforcement of desired behaviour all stimulate motivation and require communication. For many employees, their work group is a primary source for social interaction. The communication that takes place within the group is a fundamental mechanism by which members show their frustrations and feelings of satisfaction. Communication, therefore, provides a release for the emotional expression of feelings and for fulfillment of social needs. The final function that communication performs relates to its role in facilitating decision making. It provides the information that individuals and groups need to make decisions by transmitting the data to identify and evaluate alternative choices. No one of these functions should be seen as being more important than the others. For groups to perform effectively, they need to maintain some form of control over members, stimulate members to perform, provide a means for emotional expression, and make decision choices. Almost every communication interaction that takes place in a group or organization performs one or more of these four functions. 2.3 THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS: Before communication can take place, a purpose, expressed as a message to be conveyed, is needed. It passes between a source (sender) and a receiver. The message is encoded (converted to a symbolic form) and passed by way of some medium (channel) to the receiver, who retranslates (decodes) the message initiated by the sender. The result is a transference of meaning from one person to another. The exhibit above depicts this communication process. This model is made up of seven parts: (1) the communication source, (2) encoding, (3) the message, (4) the channel, (5) decoding, (6) the receiver, and (7) feedback. The source initiates a message by encoding a thought. The message is the actual physical product from the source encoding. When we speak, the speech is the message. When we write, the writing is the message. When we gesture, the movements of our arms and the expression on our face are the message. The channel is the medium through which the message travels. It is selected by the source, who must determine whether to use a formal or informal channel. Formal channels are established by the organization and transmit message that are related to the professional activities of the members. They traditionally follow the authority chain within the organization. Other forms of messages, such as personal or social, follow the informal channels in the organization. The receiver is the object to whom the message is directed. But before the message can be received, the symbols in it must be translated into a form that can be understood by the receiver. This step is the decoding of the message. The final link in the communication process is a feedback loop. Feedback is the check on how successful we have been in transferring our messages as originally intended. It determines whether understanding has achieved. 2.4 DIRECTION OF COMMUNICATION: Communication can flow vertically and laterally. The vertical dimension can be further divided into downward and upward directions. Downward Communication that flows from one level of a group or organization to a lower level is a downward communication. When we think of managers communicating with employees, the downward pattern is the one we are usually thinking of. Its used by group leaders and managers to assign goals, provide job instructions, inform employees of policies and procedures, point out problems that need attention, and offer feedback about performance. But downward communication doesnt have to be oral or face-to-face contact. When management sends letters to the employees homes to advise them of the organizations new sick leave policy, it is using downward communication. So is an e-mail from a team leader to the members of her team, reminding them of an upcoming deadline. Upward Upward communication flows to a higher level in the group or organization. Its used to provide feedback to higher-ups, inform them of progress toward goals, and relay current problems. Upward communication keeps managers aware of how employees feel about their jobs, co-workers, and the organization in general. Managers also rely on upward communication for ideas on how things can be improved. Some organizational examples of upward communication are performance reports prepared by lower management for review by middle and top management, suggestion boxes, employee attitude surveys, grievance procedures, superior-subordinate discussions, and informal gripe sessions in which employees have the opportunity to identify and discuss problems with their boss or representatives of higher management. For example, FedEx prides itself on its computerized upward communication program. All its employees annually complete climate surveys and reviews of management. This program was cited as a key human resources strength by the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award examiners when FedEx won the honor. Lateral When communication takes place among members of the same work group, among members of work groups at the same level, among managers at the same level, or among any horizontally equivalent personnel, we describe it as lateral communications. Why would there be a need for horizontal communications if a group or organizations vertical communications are effective? The answer is that horizontal communications are often necessary to save time and facilitate co-ordination. In some cases, these lateral relationships are formally sanctioned. More often, they are informally created to short-circuit the vertical hierarchy and expedite action. So lateral communications can, from managements viewpoint, be good or bad. Since strict adherence to the formal vertical structure for all communications can impede the efficient and accurate transfer of information, lateral communications can be beneficial. In such cases, they occur with the knowledge and support of superiors. But they can create dysfunctional conflicts when the formal vertical channels are breached, when members go above or around their superiors to get things done, or when bosses find out that actions have been taken or decisions made without their knowledge. Diagonal Communication This occurs when communication occurs between workers in a different section of the organisation and where one of the workers involved is on a higher level in the organisation. For example in a bank diagonal communication will occur when a department manager in head office converses with a cashier in a branch of the bank based on the high street. 2.5 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: How do group members transfer meaning between and among each other? There are three basic methods. People basically rely on oral, written and non-verbal communication. Oral Communication The chief means of conveying messages is oral communication. Speeches, formal one-on-one and group discussions, and the informal mill or grapevine are popular forms of oral communication. The advantages of oral communication are speed and feedback. A verbal message can be conveyed and a response received in a minimal amount of time. If the receiver is unsure of the message, rapid feedback allows for early detection by the sender and, hence, allows for early correction. The major disadvantage of oral communication surfaces in organizations or whenever the message has to be passed through a number of people. The more people a message must pass through, the greater the potential distortion. For example, if you ever played the game telephone at a party, you know the problem. Each person interprets the message in his or her own way. The messages content, when it reaches its destination, is very often different from that of the original. In an organization, where decisions and other communiquà ©s are verbally passed up and down the authority hierarchy, there are considerable opportunities for messages to become distorted. Written Communication. Written communications include memos, letters, electronic mail, fax transmissions, organizational periodicals, notices placed on bulletin boards, or any other device that is transmitted via written words or symbols. Why would a sender choose to use written communications? They are tangible and verifiable. Typically, both the sender and the receiver have a record of the communication. The message can be stored for a indefinite period. If there are questions concerning the content of the message, it is physically available for later reference. This feature is particularly important for complex and lengthy communications. The marketing plan for a new product, for instance, is likely to contain a number of tasks spread out over several months. By putting it in writing, those who have to initiate the plan can readily refer to it over the life of the plan. A final benefit of written communication comes from the process itself. You are usually more careful with the written word than the oral word. You are forced to think more thoroughly about what you want to convey in a written message than in a spoken one. Thus, written communications are more likely to be well thought out, logical and clear. Of course, written messages have their drawbacks. They are time consuming. You could convey far more information to a college instructor in a one-hour oral exam than in a one-hour written exam. In fact, you could probably say the same thing in 10 to 15 minutes that it would take you an hour to write. So, although writing may be more precise, it also consumes a great deal of time. The other major disadvantage is feedback, or lack of it. Oral communication allows the receiver to respond rapidly to what he thinks he hears. Written communication, however, does not have a built-in feedback mechanism. The result is that the mailing of a memo is no assurance it has been received, there is no guarantee the recipient will interpret it as the sender intended. The latter point is also relevant in oral communiquà ©s, except it is easy in such cases merely to ask the receiver to summarize what you have said. An accurate summary presents feedback evidence that the message has been received and understood. Employees Handbook: As business grows in size, management often turns to the use of an employee handbook as a communication tool to inform employees on issues such as company history and products, human resource policies, employee compensation and benefits, training assistance, health services, safety, security, employee responsibilities, and work standards. Handbooks are also useful to supervisors and administrators for ensuring consistent implementation and enforcement of company policies. These are intended to help in the induction of newcomers and to provide all the employees with a clear-cut understanding not only of the general policies of the management but also of the nature of the business, its sources of supplies, its customers, its products and the range of benefits and services available to its employees. Many organizations publish illustrated handbooks, depicting cartoons, charts and photographs. House Magazines and Newspapers: Some organizations maintain one or more employee magazines or journals. These are meant to keep employees well informed of the development in the business and to acquaint them with the personalities and activities of the organisation. It can explain the policies of the management in easily understood terms. House magazines contain news, and personal and social items. There may be references to parties, marriages, births, retirements, honours and awards. Financial Reports: Such reports describe the essential facts concerning the conduct of business, its expenses and profits, its income and distribution of financial standing. of the organisation and create understanding between the management and its employees. Bulletin Boards: Usually, big organizations keep a bulletin board for 50 to 100 employees in attractive colours, types and formats. These boards contain a wide range of material such as someones choice of cartoons from newspapers and magazines, pin-up photographs, events in the lives of present or former employees and other items of common interest. Audio-Visual Aids: Sound films, movies, slides, tapes may be played back to the workers. Such audio-visual aids have an obvious advantage of describing a companys range of operations and products, in illustrating how financial and other decisions are made, or in explaining work rules. Notice Boards: Notices are often pasted o the factory walls or gates or placed in glass covered notice boards, and these are hung at appropriate places in the premises of an organisation, near the canteens or factory gates. These notices usually depict abstracts as desired under the various statutes as well as notices of the various institutions in the establishment such as the sports club. Suggestion System: The suggestion system is designed to enlist the co-operation of subordinates in effecting improvements and in eliminating waste and to provide an avenue for a working communication with the management. Rewards are offered for suggestions which results in greater productive efficiency. In some organizations, suggestion boxes are located at convenient places throughout the plant. Communication with Public and Government: Organisations educate the public about their various activities through advertising, campaigns, meetings and conferences. Organisations also establish and organize special groups to communicate with the important segments of government. Proper communication plays an important role in a large organization, and there has to be a proper balance between the oral and written forms of communication. It need hardly be said that the choice of any method depends upon the purpose to be accomplished and the likelihood of its success. Quite often, it is better to use more than one method to convey the same information so that one can reinforce the other. Nonverbal Communication Every time we verbally give a message to someone, we also impart a nonverbal message. In some instances, the nonverbal component may stand alone. For example, in a singles bar, a glance, a stare, a frown, and a provocative body movement all convey meaning. As such, no discussion of communication would be complete without consideration of nonverbal communication-which includes body movements, the intonations or emphasis we give to words, facial expressions, and the physical distance between the sender and receiver. It can be argued that every body movement has a meaning and no movement is accidental. For example, through body language we say, Help me, Im lonely; Take me, Im available; Leave me alone, Im depressed. And rarely do we send our messages consciously. We act out our state of being with nonverbal body language. We lift one eyebrow for disbelief. We rub our nose for puzzlement. We clasp our arms to isolate ourselves or to protect ourselves. We shrug our shoulders for indifference, wink one eye for intimacy, tap our fingers for impatience and slap our forehead for forgetfulness. The two most important messages that body language conveys are (1) The extent to which an individual likes another and is interested in his or her views and (2) The relative perceived status between a sender and receiver. For instance, we are more likely to position ourselves closer to people we like and touch them more often. Similarly, if you feel that youre higher status than another, youre more likely to display body movements-such as crossed legs or a slouched seating position-that reflect a casual and relaxed manner. Body language adds to, and often complicates, verbal communication. A body position or movement does not by itself have a precise or universal meaning, but when it is linked with spoken language, it gives fuller meaning to a senders message. If you read the verbatim minutes of a meeting, you wouldnt grasp the impact of what was said in the same way you would if you had been there or saw the meeting on video. Why? There are no records of nonverbal communication. The emphasis given to words or phrases is missing. Facial expressions also convey meaning. A snarling face says something different from a smile. Facial expressions, along with intonations, can show arrogance, aggressiveness, fear, shyness, and other characteristics that would never be communicated if you read a transcript of what had been said. The way individuals space themselves in terms of physical distance also has meaning. What is considered proper spacing is largely dependent on cultural norms. For example, what is considered a businesslike distance in some European countries would be viewed as intimate in many parts of North America. If someone stands closer to you than is considered appropriate, it may indicate aggressiveness or sexual interest; if farther away than usual, it may mean disinterest or displeasure with what is being said. Its important for the receiver to be alert to these nonverbal aspects of communication. You should look for nonverbal cues as well as listen to the literal meaning of senders words. You should particularly be aware of contradictions between the messages. Your boss may say she is free to talk to you about a pressing budget problem, but you may see nonverbal signals suggesting that the is not the time to discuss the subject regardless of what is being said, an individual who frequently glances at her wristwatch is giving the massage that she would prefer to terminate the conversation. We misinform others when we express one message verbally, such as trust, but nonverbally communicate a contradictory message that reads, I dont have confidence in you. 3.1 COMMUNICATION TYPES: Internal/Organizational Communication This is communication that takes place within (or across) an organization. In addition to the usual face to face, telephone, fax or mail; modern organizations may use technology to communicate internally. Technology may be used for e-mails or a linked internal communication system such as the intranet which is an internet system designed solely for use by those working for the organization. External communications Conversely external communication is communication between the organization and those outside the organization. Modern organizations may design technological systems so that they can communicate with customers and undertake e-Commerce. Alternatively they communicate with other businesses through the internet or similar systems and undertake e-Business. Functions of Internal and External Communications; Technology has rapidly expanded the types of internal and external communication available to organizations. The diagram illustrates the vast array of internal and external communication available. Combined together internal and external types of communications allow various sectors of the local, national and international community to interact, liaise and conduct business. 3.2 Objectives of Communication Communication is not an end in itself. There is no use of communicating just for the sake of communicating. It is a means and a very effective means for the solution of managerial problems and for attainment of managerial objectives. Since managers work through others, all their acts, policies, rules, orders and procedures must pass through some sort of communication channel. The purposes of communication are: To develop information and understanding which are necessary for group effort? To provide an attitude which is necessary for motivation, co-operation and job satisfaction? To discourage the spread of misinformation, rumours, gossip, and to release the emotional tensions of workers To prepare workers for a change by giving them the necessary information in advance. To encourage ideas, suggestions from subordinates for an improvement in the product and work conditions, for a reduction in time or cost involved and for the avoidance of the waste of raw material. To improve labour-management relations by keeping both in contact with each other. To satisfy the basic human needs like recognition, self-importance and sense of participation. To serve auxiliary functions such as entertainment and the maintenance of social relations among human beings. The purpose of communication is to establish asocial environment that supports effective interaction and to ensure that the workforce has the skills to share information and co-ordinate their achievements efficiently 3.3 Importance of Communication Organizations cannot exist without communication. If there is no communication, employees cannot know what their respective associates are doing, management cannot receive information on inputs, and management cannot give instructions. Co-ordination of work is impossible, and the organisation will collapse for lack of it. Co-operation also becomes impossible, because people cannot communicate their needs and feelings to others. Every act of communication influences the organisation in some way or the other. As such effective communication tends to encourage better performance, improves job satisfaction, creates proper understanding, and develops feeling of involvement among the people. Chester Bernard (1938) has considered communication to be the very first function of a manager and has viewed it as the shaping force which links people and purposes together in any co-operative system. In the practice of management, Peter Drucker (1954) has observed that the managers main instrument for operating his affairs is information. The management process has widely been discussed as one which embraces the functions of planning, organizing, leading and controlling, which are intimately involved with and dependant on, communication. Organisational structure is definitely tied to the communication systems. Communication is the key to effective teamwork, for both are based on the common fundamentals of information, understanding, consultation and participation. Communication is an essential skill at every level of organisational functioning and for organisations of all types, whether social, governmental, or commercial. According to Miner and Miner there Ware four basic types of communication network: (a) the regulative network ensures security, conformity to plans and the achievement of productivity through the communication of policy statements, procedures, and rules; (b) the innovative network is concerned with problem-solving and change through such techniques as suggestion systems and meetings; (c) the integrative network is directly related to consideration of employee morale and organisational maintenance; and (d) the informative network relates to employees effectiveness and productivity through a direct dissemination of information and training programmes. 3.4 Rules for Communication: A few basic rules should be followed in planning for and carrying out communications of all kinds, written and oral, regardless of form or format. Clarity: To be effective, communications must be understood, and to be understood, they must be clear. Brevity: It makes both written and oral communications easier to understand. Only one idea should be used in a sentence. Simplicity: Short, simple words, phrases, and sentences should be used. Every word should count. Extra words only serve to confuse. Precision: Precise words should be used. Integrity: Communication should always be used as a means, never as an end. During any major change programme, internal communication in an organisation is extremely. Important. It must be borne in mind in this context that communication is more than a dialogue. It builds on trust and openness among colleagues, and results in common understanding of the organisational issues that have a long-term bearing on the future of the organisation. 3.5 Formal and Informal Communication Basically, the two most important media of communication in an organisation are formal and informal communications. Formal communications are those that are official, that are a part of the recognized communication system of the organisation. A formal communication can be from a superior to a subordinate, from a subordinate to a superior, intra-administrative, or external. These communications may be oral or written. Informal communication is those that are outside the formal, recognized communication system. Informal communication originates spontaneously outside the formal channels and is the natural responses to the need for social interaction. Within the organisation, whatever its style or form, cohesive informal groups develop. Extensive research has shown that these informal work groups have tremendous power in shaping attitudes, behaviour, and consequently, production. They share a set of beliefs, values, and socially acceptable behaviours. In other words, group members come to think and act in similar ways, and this encourages feelings of closeness among them. In industry, at every level of organisational life, employees are bound together in informal groups and develop a

Development organisation in an urban facility

As we venture into this major event of building a manufacturing factory, which will be situated within a major residential development area, concerns are being raised about noise and the impacts it will have on the health of the community nearby. Since relocating, the company to a different place is an uphill task and very expensive, we have involved the local community in the decisions that might affect them due to the operations of our factory.In line with our goal to embody environmental sustainability and to support economic activity that will improve the quality of life of the nearby community and the urban residents, we will engage the residents in discussions to obtain their views and to alleviate their worries. In consultation with the community, which consists of people with various economic, education and occupation backgrounds, we have brought their needs, concerns and aspirations and presented them in this strategy.PURPOSE, AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE CONSULTATION STRATEGYW e believe that a strategy is needed to provide a coordinated and effective approach to consulting our neighbouring residents. Industrial noise generated from stationary sources such as production plants, refineries, manufacturing facilities, factories, pumping stations, etc. can affect people in various ways depending on a number of key variables. The discussion would involve the residents nearby and not factory workers. Noise emissions from factories to the environment pose the greatest challenge to the industry and the regulators to establish and maintain appropriate limits. Noise is considered a biological stressor and excessive exposure to it is a health risk since it can contribute to the development and aggravation of stress related conditions such as high blood pressure, ulcers, migraine headaches, coronary disease and colitis.The body usually responds automatically to noise as a warning signal. Though reactions to a one time exposure to noise do not result in any irreversibl e effects, research suggests otherwise in some cases.   The purpose for this strategy is to provide clear guidelines on how to undertake the consultations and then implement the recommendations. The aim of this strategy is to minimize the noise levels that emanate from our factory into the environment by seeking the views of the neighbouring community and giving them a chance to influence our decisions. Our agreed objectives is to carry out a consultation that is inclusive, accessible and valuing diversity; communicate back the results of the consultation back to the community; implement the results of our consultation.TRANS-CULTURAL CHALLENGESWhy Culture?To determine these challenges, a framework definition of culture is important. Culture defines how we work, communicate, interact, decide, act and respond in the working world. Our backgrounds such as race, gender, or national origin shape our culture. Our economic status, groups that we join, where we live brand us with differen t cultures. Conflict resolution draws much from our cultural backgrounds. Since our factory is sited in a major urban residential area, the nearby people hail from different cultural backgrounds shaped with their economic status, place of birth etc.We expect to be misunderstood by some of our neighbours while illustrating to them our strategy, much of this might be because of different cultural values. Just as anthropologists Avruch and Black (1993) stated â€Å"†¦One's own culture provides the â€Å"lens† through which we view the world; the â€Å"logic†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ by which we order it; the â€Å"grammar† †¦ by which it makes sense†, we expect people to respond to our solution differently. Some might also interpret it as â€Å"abnormal†, â€Å"weird†, or â€Å"wrong† (Avruch & Black, 1993).Facing the ChallengesTo carry out this consultation, the influence of culture on our communication has to be understood. As engineers, we wi ll be tasked with interpreting to the community what we believe and have tested to be low noise and with minimum or no health hazard. We will also be expected to help in the decision making process for the implementation of the consultation results. We must also involve some representatives of the community in the daily operations of the factory and the environmental safety achieved at different stages.Sample ProjectIn a survey conducted on cross-cultural challenges involved in Japanese overseas projects, 33 Japanese professionals from various organizations educational institutions in Japan responded to the survey. This research investigated the challenges faced by the Japanese workers in international projects. Most of them preferred cross-cultural training to better equip them with what to expect from other cultures.Effectiveness of trans-cultural approachesTraining for our employees is necessary for them to understand the complaints that might be raised from time to time by the r esidents during the operations of the factory. The residents will also be notified of the allowable noise levels recommended by organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO). In doing these, we expect to improve our interaction and communication with the residents and achieve our goal of environmental sustainability to improve the quality of life of the nearby community.LIST OF REFERENCES:Avruch, K. and Black, P. (1993). Conflict Resolution in Intercultural Settings: Problems and Prospects. Conflict Resolution Theory and Practice Integration and Application. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Finding Industrial Revolution Essay Topics Online

Finding Industrial Revolution Essay Topics Online The Fundamentals of Industrial Revolution Essay Topics Revealed Just to be underscored here is the simple fact that intellectual properties are found to market the financial benefit of a nation. Second, the inventions made a demand for labor. Interchangeable parts helped increase the sum of products produced in a brief period of time and parts may easily be replaced if broken. The road transportation also saw a considerable growth within this era. Transportation, as an example, is a significant industry that employs over three million people and with the introduction of self-driving cars is very likely to disappear within the next ten years or two. The IoT contains all the devices including some quite intelligent and others quite simplistic, which are now linked to the world wide web and thus an overarching infrastructure. The War Against Industrial Revolution Essay Topics The list is endless as it is bound solely by our imagination. This 2-step process will make certain you get going on the correct foot, but don't forget the essentials of sound writing. In case you have options for topics, you'll have no problem finding one that interests you, since they are so varied. Second, get in contact with the writing expe rts at custom-writing. What You Should Do About Industrial Revolution Essay Topics Beginning in the Next 7 Minutes Besides being a key financial concern, inequality represents the best societal concern connected with the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Explain whether it's very simple to immigrate from 1 country to another. Explain the way the federalist system has indeed led to a growth in illegal immigrants in the nation. Inside my opinion, I agree that industrialism caused sexual revolution as it is what actually brought about the huge transformation with respect to female emancipation. You are able to check here in order to acquire extra details. So there is not anything new about invention. Broad topics like industrial revolution have a tendency to analyze events that result in a substantial transformation of human history. Nevertheless, you'll still must write about history. Conclusively, it's certain that the Industrial Revolution had a massive effect on the numerous nations. The Industrial Revolution was certainly 1 movement that had a huge effect on Europe. Most of all, the research will revolve around the ways that the Industrial Revolution might have prevented the Malthusian Catastrophe in England. An innumerable quantity of childr... Impact of Market Revolution The conclusion of the war of 1812 brought a big quantity of pride to the Americans. According to available historical info, the significant industrial increase in the American nation during the 19th century is the direct consequence of its present superpower status in the world. Lots of people died as a consequence of the inhumane living conditions brought on by the Industrial Revolution. The effect of the British connection and industrial revolution resulted in the decay of traditional handicrafts. You might think about history for a branch of study that falls away from the realm of social studies. Industrial Revolution Essay Topics for Dummies Latest research papers 2011 if it's a persuasive essay on knowledge can be found at our big library. Communication has never been simpler. The very first paragraph should give a brief description and summary to allow folks to comprehend the question that has to be answered in the research paper. For example, the second paragraph is the ideal place to provide a succinct history or background of the industrial revolution. Creating a crystal clear topic sentence, which is typically the very first sentence of each paragraph, is vital in enabling a man to prevent mixing different ideas. The topic sentence of every one of the paragraphs ought to be utilized to present the information that's apparently analyzed in the paragraph. Sometimes two inventors invented the very same thing at the exact moment. Children shouldn't be working long hours at one time with few or no breaks. They worked 12-14 hours a day under dangerous conditions. Moreover, in order to get up the chimneys, they would have to put pins in their feet in order to ascend. The use of the peasants in the Industrial Revolution was going to grow a great dea l of crops and so forth. These looms did not call for a huge factory setting. The invention improved on the previous designs to develop an efficient steam engine that would support the higher production processes. Positive characteristics of the Industrial Revolution In technology, steam power should have become the biggest advancement in its area. The large-scale production of products, first in the textile business, caused a reduction in the price of these goods. Merchants usually reduced the variety of workers to avert the higher wages. Due to greater variety of factories and efficient techniques of farming, the access to products swelled. The textile industry marked an enormous change after the debut of new inventions, due to transformed methods of earning textiles after the debut of new inventions. Life After Industrial Revolution Essay Topics As a young child, one needs to not be deprived this much because it may lead to depression. In addition, if a kid is working their whole life, they won't get an opportunity to have a true childhood. Even with lungs of steel, he or she would still suffer in this kind of working environment. Some children put their hand in the incorrect place or another accident can cause a loss of limb or even death.

Mary and Max - 9879 Words

Mary and Max It is 1976, an 8-year-old Mary Daisy Dinkle (Bethany Whitmore) is a lonely little girl living in Mount Waverley, Melbourne, Australia. Her relatively poor family cannot afford to buy her toys or nice clothing, and she is teased by children at her school due to an unfortunate birthmark on her forehead. Her father is distant and her alcoholic, kleptomaniac mother provides no support. The closest thing she has to a friend is the man for whom Mary collects mail, Len Hislop, a World War II veteran who lost his legs as a prisoner of war and has developed agoraphobia. One day, she decides to write a letter to someone living in New York City: by pure chance she chooses Max Jerry Horowitz (Philip Seymour Hoffman) from a telephone†¦show more content†¦Seeing how much Max valued their friendship and how happy it made him, Mary is moved to tears of joy as the film closes. The film is sublime. It’s funny and insightful as it creates very different worlds for its two characters, and yet it doesn’t shy away from the harsher aspects of the lives of Mary and Max. BARRY HUMPHRIES narrates and he does it beautifully. The animation perfectly suits the story, it was five years in the making and it’s worth every minute. Comment: I found this film very tough going- it is undoubtedly a well made film and has some clever and quirky moments. However I lost interest around halfway through the film and could not engage with the film and its clunky style. A lighter touch would have made a huge difference to the viewing experience. Perhaps as an artistic statement it deserves more than three stars but as a movie going experience it was only a little bit better than average. The clay only gave the story more credibility, others might differ in their opinion about that, but I think if it were played by real actors it would be less believable, (saying the tale itself was based on a true story). Love this movie. I cried a much needed cry that I wasnt able to do forShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Mary And Max 1009 Words   |  5 PagesMary and Max was a very interesting movie in my opinion. There were many different things in the movie with meaning or raised questions for me. For example, what was the reason for Damian turning out homosexual? What was the reasoning for the color choices for his settings? There are many questions to be answered, but I’m going to focus on the themes the director chose for the film. Mary and Max is filled with various themes that are actually real problems in todays society. The first few tie inRead MorePsychology: Movie Paper - Mary And Max. The Movie Mary950 Words   |  4 Pages Psychology: Movie Paper - Mary and Max The movie Mary and Max is the story of an eight year old girl, named Mary, from Australia who doesn’t have any friends, and lives with her father and alcoholic mother. Max is a forty-four year old man from New York City, who is obese, has a disorder later revealed to be Aspergers, and also has no friends. They develop an unlikely friendship when Mary picks his name out of a phone book and decides to write him a letter asking him where babies come from. TheyRead MoreThe Movie Mary And Max, Portrays A Dark And Gloomy World1209 Words   |  5 PagesThe movie Mary and Max, portrays a dark and gloomy world of a eight-year old Mary Daisy Dinkle from Australia and fortyfive-year old Max Jerry Horowitz from New York City. Mary, as a result of her lonely life without friends, decides to pick a random person from a ‘brown’ book filled with names and addresses in the United States and writes him a letter. However, does the person on the other side of the globe longs for a letter from an eight-year old girl? Max Horowitz lives a lonely world in theRead MoreAssessment Of A Relationship With The Family1640 Words   |  7 Pagesthe genogram as therapeutic alliance building tool as well as a way to observe the family dynamic. The main focus of the genogram with this family would be to explore the triangles between Mary, Bill and Julie, by looking at family history and presenting patterns. For this reason, this process would not include Max. Using Bowen’s collaborative approach, the clients would lead the process as they are the experts of their own lives. 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The film is about a friendship between two pen pals, Mary a eight-year old girl and Max a forty-year old man. Hayao Miyazaki is one of Japan’s greatest animation directors. Most of his movies are very successful e.x. â€Å"Kiki’s Delivery Service†, â€Å"NausicaaRead MoreNative Son By Richard Wright1627 Words   |  7 Pagesconscious of this. Now, knowing this Bigger wants to send a kidnap note to the Dalton family, after killing their daughter. The killing of Mary Dalton, was done out of fear, but the further action he takes is criminal. Wright, uses existentialism in this novel, which is, a person has free will and is responsible for their actions. Bigger’s initial reaction to killing Mary, was out of fear because he had crossed a cultural barrier. The further action, of the ransom note, was him taking advantage of the situationRead MoreCharles Fayol And Max Weber Relevant Today s World1303 Words   |  6 PagesManagement theories are forever changing due to changes in the corporate environment, but â€Å"are the early management theories espoused by such proponents as Henri Fayol, Mary Parker Follett and Max Weber relevant in today s world?† All three of these historical figures were pioneers in management early in the 20th century, all came from extremely different backgrounds and even continents. They had very different priorities when it came to management, starting with Henri Fayol. Fayol was a FrenchRead MorePeter Fayol And Max Weber1437 Words   |  6 PagesFayol, Mary Parker Follett and Max Weber are relevant in todays’ world. In this essay I am going to discuss about all three theorists and how their theories are still relevant for managers in the 21st century in meeting the challenges. 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